Internal And External Sources Of Finance For Tesco Essay

A source of finance used by Tesco is retained earnings. Tesco re-invest a certain percentage of their end of the year profits back into Tesco, so they can improve it. Each year Tesco decide how much money they re-invest, this depends on the profit they make. Fixed assets: Another type of an internal source of finance for Tesco is fixed assets. Fixed assets are an asset that is not consumer or sold during the normal course of business, these are land, buildings, equipment, machinery, vehicles etc. These assets are very hard to convert into cash as it takes time to sell, Tesco would use these assets to fund future operations. Current assets: Current assets are a key financial source to Tesco’s business. Current assets are cash and other things such as inventory that can be converted into cash easily. An asset that will be in use for less than a year is a current asset as they transfer into money once sold. Tesco’s stock in their stores is a current asset as they transfer into money once sold. An essential thing for Tesco to ensure is to ensure that their assets aren’t lower than their current liabilities (debt) as this may force Tesco to close as they want to be able to pay off their debts. Working capital: Working capital can be both a good and a bad thing, this will depend on the debt a company has in this case Tesco. Tesco are a massive company so they will have a lot of working capital, this will ensure Tesco grow as they can expand their brand. Companies like new starts will have finances to expand and grow their business. In 2014 Tesco’s working capital reduced massively by over 300 million this will have an affect on their company in 2015. In this task I am going to write about what internal and external sources of finance are available to Tesco. Internal sources are funds that come from within the business. An example of an internal source is profits. They can be used to expand a business. Another way is to sell assets that the company don’t use to free up capital. External sources are found outside the business. An example of an external source would be a bank lending company money. External sources of finance (Tesco) Investments: An investment is when a person or persons invest their own money into a business, hoping to make a profit on their investment into the organisation. Tesco rely massively on investments just like any organisation. Tesco’s share prices depend on just how much is being invested into the company, and over the past year their share prices have dropped as the amount being invested has decreased. Warren Buffet who is an American billionaire, who made his fortune by investing said that â€Å" Investing in Tesco was a big mistake†. Ordinary shares: Ordinary shares, are shares within an organisation that any member o the oublic can buy. Tesco’s shares are currently selling for around  £189.75p , with Tesco buying the shares back at around  £190.05p, since the horse meat scandal, shares have decreased rapidly. Since November 2013 Tesco’s shares have declined drastically. Tesco are unable to buy back the shares at a price high enough to push customers to sell back, as the customers wouldn’t be making enough profit. Corporations: As Tesco are a corporation they can part-take in all the activities any corporation are involved in such as hiring new staff, sue other companies, be sued by other companies and also own their own assets. An asset that Tesco own is their very own oil plant in America Institutions: An institution of Tesco would be their bank. The institutions are companies that work with Tesco and that Tesco own. Any money that Tesco receive from the customers and clients of their bank, gets directly put in the profits.  The money they make from the institutions gets invested directly back into Tesco Business angels: Business angels are people who look to invest into new or successful businesses to try to make a profit. For Tesco business angels would’ve invented at the start of the companies journey in 1919. Business angels usually invest in companies around their home so they can check up on their investments. Government Grants: Tesco are Britain’s biggest supermarket and due to this they employ thousands. The government can give Tesco grants and money to invest back into Tesco. The government will benefit because if Tesco invest the money wisely they will have a successful year therefore the government will receive more tax. An example of Tesco receiving a government grant was in 2009 when they received  £5 million to open a new store in Glasgow. HP: Hire purchase is when a company or person lends out goods to companies for a short period of time, with added interest. Tesco could benefit if they were the company as they would lend out equipment, machinery, property and vehicles, as they would gain interest and also regain some of their investment into the product. Suppliers credit: Supplier’s credit is when a supplier offers the buyer the product they want on credit. This is like getting a loan of sorts as Tesco can pay at a later date. This benefits Tesco as they can order as much stock as they need even if they haven’t got the finances at that time. Sale and lease back: This is when Tesco sells something to a buyer such as equipment,machinery etc and the buyer leases the product back to Tesco immediately. This benefits Tesco as they can use the product without being tied down to the product  financially. To Tesco there is some tax benefits to leasing the product rather than actually owning the product. Tesco can sell the products and lease them back for a long period of time.

The Fourth Plinth of Trafalgar Square

The Fourth Plinth of Trafalgar Square is very different from the other three – instead of carrying a grey statue it always surprises one's eye with a contemporary sculptural piece, which is changed every two years. But the question is – does the contemporary art sculptures fit into the classical space of Trafalgar Square? The Fourth Plinth of Trafalgar Square, built in the north-west corner, was designed by Sir Charles Barry in 1841. It was intended, that it would hold an equestrian statue of William IV, however due to insufficient funds the statue was never completed.The plinth stayed empty until 1858, when a statue of Edward Jenner was unveiled. Still, it was removed four years later due protests by anti-vaccinationists. After that, it was unused for more than a century, and became In 1999, when the Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (RSA) launched the Fourth Plinth Project, three contemporary sculptures by Mark Wallinger (Ecce Homo (1999) – a life-sized figure of a man, wearing a loin cloth and a crown of barbed wire, with his hands tied behind his back, referring to Jesus Christ), Bill Woodrow (Regardless the History 2000) – a bronze sculpture showing the head of a man crushed over a book, both bound to the Plinth by the roots of a dead tree) and Rachel Whiteread (Untitled Monument (2001) – a transparent resin cast of the actual Plinth, standing upside-down on the original) have been commissioned to be displayed temporarily on the Plinth. Regarding the enormous public attention, the Mayor of London began the Fourth Plinth Commissioning Group (a commission of specialist advisers appointed to guide the commissions for the Plinth) and since then the Plinth has been used as a location for exhibiting specially commissioned works by contemporary artists.After standing empty again for a few years, the Plinth was again open for exhibit in 2005, when a controversial statue Alison Lapper Pregnant by Marc Quinn unveiled. This has caused many discussions, since some were questioning on the shock value of disability, as well as lauded for its progressive social values. Also, the statue reactivated the discussions about the purpose of contemporary art in this antique location. In 2007 Marc Quinn's work was replaced by Thomas Schutte's Model for a Hotel 2007 – a model of a twenty-one storey hotel from red, yellow and blue coloured glass.It brought a feel of After two years, the colourful, static sculpture was replaced by presumably most interesting and negotiable project on the Fourth Plinth – Antony Gormley's One & Other, turning the plinth into a â€Å"living monument†. This involved 2400 people, picked from the public after applying on the project's website, standing on a plinth for one hour – 24 hours a day for 100 days without a break. Selected people were allowed to use the Plinth any way they want, do anything they want, including dancing, music , performing, reading poetry, or even just doing nothing at all, making a raw epresentation of both, individuality and the whole of humanity at the same time. The performances were broadcast live over the internet 24 hours a day. The project also caused a lot of discussions, since many people did not consider this as an appropriate act of art for the Trafalgar Square, rather as an act of snobbery. The current sculpture on the Fourth Plinth is Yinka Shonbare's Nelson's Ship in a Bottle. It was unveiled on 24th of May, 2010. This work of a Anglo-Nigerian artist is a replica of Nelson's ship, the Victory, inside a large glass bottle stopped with a cork.The artwork marks the preserved importance of historical symbolism of Trafalgar Square. It is a reminder of the Battle of Trafalgar and is directly related to Nelson – this is one of the reasons which excludes the piece from the others exhibited on the Fourth Plinth. Soon, the turn for a new art piece will come, so at the moment s ix more commissions for the Plinth are being considered. All six of them were exhibited in St-Martin-in-the-Field gallery near the Trafalgar Square until the end of October. The first one is Battenberg by Brian Griffith. The Pink and yellow decorated cake was nvented especially for Queen Victoria's granddaughter – Princess Victoria of Hesse – to Prince Louis of Battenberg wedding anniversary in 1884.The sculpture made of handmade bricks is reminiscent of this little piece of history. Sikandar by Hew Locke echoes the British Army General, Sir George White, a monument standing in Portland Place. â€Å"Sikandar† translates as Alexander in Urdu. A hybrid between the name of a famous ancient conqueror and the image of the British Army General, modernized, studded with medals, jewellery, chains, materials, according to the creator, symbolizes the hero ant the eroic concept of the evolution of today's world. It's never too late and you can't go back – this it th e name of the third piece by Mariele Neudecker, depicting mountains. From ancient times mountains symbolize monumentality, strength, eternity and glory. Looking from below the sculpture, the mountain line forms a map of Britain, so it perception of the work may easily switch from dimensional landscape to territorial The blue Hahn / Cock by a German artist Katharina Fritsch symbolizes the awakening, strength and renovation. This sculpture would easily catch one's eye between the grey statues of theTrafalgar Square – the surrealism of its huge size and ultramarine colouring is inevitable. Allora and Calzadilla's work Untitled (ATM/Organ) is actually a combination between an automated teller machine (ATM), installed in the Plinth, connected to a pipe organ on top of it. It will produce sound by driving pressurised air through pipes selected while pressing the ATM machine keyboard. The last sculpture is Powerless Structures, by the authors Elmgreen & Dragset.Gold coloured boy roc king on a particular childhood symbol – a rocking horse – might symbolize the value of rowth and maturity, at the same time showing a future hero, â€Å"the heroism of growing up†. So for now the dilemma is – the blue rooster, an equestrian decorated with medals, sequins and chains, a sound-producing ATM organ, a golden boy, rocking on a toy horse, a brick cake or a floating mountain-scape – which of these works will be the next one in queue for the Fourth Plinth? Finally, seeing these new brave, exceptional and innovative proposals it is very likely that these six candidates will cause as much arguments as all of the other of their predecessors. It is still ften discussed if the Fourth Plinth is an appropriate location for contemporary art pieces, but since the plinth itself has a meaning of a base for a sculpture that is excluded from the surrounding and defines it as art, once again it leads to the eternal questioning of what is art itself, or i f we should interpretate this enviroment as a for one-art-kind-only space, but residents and guests of London seem to enjoy the Fourth Plinth a lot more than all the grey.Fourth Plinth http://www. london. gov. uk/fourthplinth/ Antony Gormley's Fourth Plinth, Trafalgar Square – Telegraph http:// ww. telegraph. co. uk/culture/4838343/Antony-Gormleys-Fourth-Plinth-Trafalgar- Trafalgar Square – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/ Trafalgar_Square#Fourth_plinth Archinect : Discussion Forum : Culture : The Fourth Plinth (Stop Frame Animation) Day 1 http://www. archinect. com/forum/threads. php? id=90208_0_42_100_C157 Alison Lapper – The Student Room http://www. thestudentroom. co. uk/ showthread. php? p=2723396;highlight=fourth%20plinth BBC News – Trafalgar Square fourth plinth candidates unveiled http://www. bbc. co. uk/ news/uk-england-london-11022665

How Africans Americans Have Worked to End Isolation Essay

Africans had fought very hard to obtain equal rights in the United States. After the civil war the country begin their journey in America History with period known as Reconstruction (Bowls 2011, 1. 1). There are several reasons why the nation went to war, and one of the most important was the right to continue the practice of slavery. From 1865 to the present, African Americans have worked to end their isolation through legislation, protest, and major contributions to society. In 1863 President Abraham Lincoln signs the Emancipation Proclamation. This proclamation did not free the slaves but it was the first step toward making this a reality (Bowles, 2011, 1. 1). The proclamation would only apply only to states in rebellion. The Emancipation proclamation is one of those stupendous facts in human history with marks not only an era in the progress of the nation, but an approach in history of the world (Journal of Blacks pg. 108-109). The civil war did not bring an end to racial hatred and violence in the south. Neither military leaders nor politicians can change the ingrained cultural beliefs of the people (Bowles, 2011 1. para10). After 1865 slavery could no longer structure relations between the races (1999, Segregation and Desegregation). The Black Codes codified some of these feelings when 1865 southern states government created legislation that restricted and control the lives of the ex-slaves (Bowel 2011 1. 1 para10). The Black Codes restricted African Americans to married other than their own race, they could not carried guns, they could only work on farms, and if they did not follow this rules they could put in jail or put them to enforced work which was the same as slavery (Bowles, 2011 1. para10). The president at the time supported this codes which made more difficult the lives of the ex-slaves. Meanwhile, many blacks who enlisted in the military encountered blatant discrimination while in the service and, them after risking their lives for the preservation of the free world, retuned to a society that continued to deem them second-class citizens (Levy, 1998). The only significant racial reform enacted by the federal government in the decade after the end of World War 11 was the desegregation of the armed forces order by President Truman in 1948. To some blacks, even this represented a pyrrhic victory (Levy, 1948). African Americans also suffer from segregation. â€Å"Segregation; is the practice by law or custom, of separating groups, spatially according to race, class, or ethnicity† (Segregation and Desegregation, 2001). Racial segregation began after the end of slavery, when new laws barred blacks from many occupations, restricted voting rights, and designated separate public facilities for black and white populations (Segregation and Desegregation, 2011). Segregation existed somewhat differently in the North and the South of the country. Different conditions in the North and South led to different kinds of social organization among African communities (Segregation and Desegregation, 2011). â€Å"Segregation in a legal sense began with laws separating blacks and whites in education† (Segregation, 2010). Although blacks paid taxes as whites, they did not receive funding for their schools and they had to rely on church and missionary organizations to create their own schools (segregation, 2010). A law that emerged was separate facilities for blacks in all areas, assigning African Americans a separate and degraded status in transportation, dining, places of entertainment, and even in cemeteries (Segregation, 2010). The customs and laws associated with segregation created a deeply entrenched culture of white supremacy, which radicalized every aspect of life in the South. The laws prevented blacks and whites from joining together in union meetings, political-reform organizations, or on a social level, thus creating a one-party (Democratic) â€Å"solid South† impervious to change. African Americans continually resisted segregation and white supremacy but with few Southern white allies (Segregation, 2010). The Civil Right Movement The biracial system in the South kept many African Americans impoverished and disenfranchised, it also created conditions that facilitated the development of a strong black middle class and cultural institutions. Black schools and especially the black church enabled the development of African American leadership, and became the base of the Civil Rights Movement. In the North, however, were run by white teachers and administrators and did not foster racial pride as many did in the South. For Northern blacks, then, civil rights issues focused on discrimination and unequal access rather than formal desegregation. In the South, the Civil Rights Movement focused primarily on ending segregation (Segregation and Desegregation 2011). The Civil Rights Movement emerged in the 1950s, when the number of middle-class and skilled blacks was almost forty percent of the Southern black population. The earliest victory came in 1954, when the U. S. Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education, that racially â€Å"separate educational facilities are inherently unequal† (Segregation and Desegregation 2011). The following year the court ordered that African Americans can attend to white school. The school systems did not accepted this and reacted with violence that the federal military often had to go to the schools and protect the black children who attempt to attend school (Segregation and Desegregation 2011). Because of this events the â€Å"Court-ordered desegregation prompted â€Å"white flight† from public schools in many areas, as families with the financial resources to do so enrolled their children in private schools or moved to mostly-white suburban school districts† (Segregation and Desegregation 2011). On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a middle-aged black seamstress boarded a Montgomery, Alabama bus to take her home. Several stops later the bus driver requests her to give up her sit to a white passenger. She refuses, the bus driver called the police and she was arrested. At the Police Station she told the officer â€Å"I didn’t think I should have to stand up, after I had paid my fare and occupied a seat I didn’t think I should have to give it up† (Levy, 1998). The effort to abolish other forms of segregation, initiated in 1955 when seamstress Rosa Parks refused to relinquish her seat in the white section of a Montgomery bus, continued through the 1960s. The movement was led by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. , who developed a philosophy of nonviolent activism based on principles of Christian belief and the passive resistance teachings of Indian independence leader Mahatma Gandhi and American philosopher Henry David Thoreau†(Segregation and Desegregation 2011). Martin Luther King, Jr. as the most prominent leader of the civil rights movement for equal rights for African Americans that took place during the 1950s and 1960s. Martin Luther King first became aware of racial segregation when, at the age of six, a white friend was not allowed to play with him anymore. Throughout his childhood and young adulthood he experienced segregation and racism: he and his family were required to sit in separate places in stores and on buses. King and other black children could not use the same swimming pools or public parks as white children (Martin Luther King Jr. 009). In 1954, Martin Luther King took a job as pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to yield her seat to a white man, the Montgomery civil rights community decided to hold a bus boycott to get rid of the law that black passengers had to sit at the back of the bus and yield seats to white passengers. They also decided to form a new organization and elect a new leader to include all the different people and groups who supported the boycott. King was asked to lead this new organization, the Montgomery Improvement Association, and he agreed (Martin Luther King Jr. 2009). African American had struggled through time fighting for their rights. They had come a long way obtaining the same rights as every other citizen in the United States. African Americans finally can walk freely in the country they had overcome adversity. Martin Luther King and Rosa Parks are only few that had help on the civil right movement and these people had been very important in history to abolish Segregation.

Second year BA Photography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Second year BA Photography - Essay Example Film and photography are the main medium of art in the contemporary scenario. Besides these, there are access to the internet, email and television. In this paper, the writer attempts to give a brief description on the work of art in the age of mechanical reproduction. This is one of the works of Walter Benjamin that deals with technology based art production. A number of people refer to his work these days. His works are gaining popularity now than ever before. He has given explanation for mechanization of art such as film and photography. He lived at the time of the growth of communism and fascism. So he had observed the politicization of art. Then the impact of technology on art is also discussed in this paper. â€Å"The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction†, published in 1936, is the work of Walter Benjamin who was a German and most of his works are very significant in the contemporary world especially in the field of art and his popularity is increasing by day. This work has been considered as the standard reference in the analysis of art today, since it speaks about the mechanization in art like in movies and photography. Benjamin was so intelligent and he was influenced by the culture in which he lived. He was born in 1892 in a middle class family that had a close relation to art since his father was an art dealer in Berlin. He could not earn an academic employment due to some incidents in his life. One among them was that his doctoral study was rejected, as the subject was not comprehendible and the second incident was, criticizing and attacking one of the members in intellectual circle. His writings are supposed to be excellent works in explaining on the mechanica l reproduction of film, photography etc. Undoubtedly, we can say that technology-based production of art spoils our creativity, newness, uniqueness and authenticity. Today, one of the means of art is film production and cartoon movies which are at the fore front.

The concept of power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The concept of power - Essay Example Mistrust among nations, fear of attack by other nations, breaking of international agreements by some nations and urge to establish supremacy over other countries had continued unabated even after the Second World War leading to cold war among nations. The most unwanted result of this mad military race among nations was the diversion of public welfare funds to create nuclear weapons. Now, the concept of power had crossed all boundaries and reached the ultimate to convey the special meaning of an irrepressible nuclear power. More power means nature that is more destructive. All most all countries are afraid of USA. Why The answer lies in the naked truth that this country possesses most of the world's nuclear bombs and weapons indicating that it is more destructive than any other country. Unfortunately, the concept of power had also taken away the discretionary powers of these nuclear powers due to their "Power is something of which I am convinced there is no innocence this side of the womb," says Nadine Gordimer, South Africa's well-acclaimed novelist (Internet, quotations). Russian socialist theoretician Mikhail Bakunin comes out very strong on the concept of power: "The instinct to command others, in its primitive essence, is a carnivorous, altogether bestial and savage instinct. Under the influence of the mental development of man, it takes on a somewhat more ideal form and becomes somewhat ennobled, presenting itself as the instrument of reason and the devoted servant of that abstraction, or political fiction, which is called the public good. But in its essence it remains just as baneful, and it becomes even more so when, with the application of science, it extends its scope and intensifies the power of its action. If there is a devil in history, it is this power principle" (Internet, Mikhail ). People normally talk about the concept of power in terms of theoretical sense. Practically speaking, power is nothing but a state of commanding others to do certain things, though the methods of commanding vary from person to person and from country to country. When it comes to international relations, the meaning of power assumes serious dimensions. In the international arena, power is interpreted as the capacity of a country to dictate terms to other 3 countries. The Great Britain used its power once and ruled most of the world for more than two centuries. Now USA has been using its power to dominate and control most of the world. The great Mahabharata war occurred centuries ago because of the power struggle among Pandava and Kaurava brothers. Nowadays, in most of the third world countries, joint families are breaking up due to power struggle between brothers for controlling the family properties. The break up of the Ambani family controlling India's number one industrial empire, known as the Reliance Group, is the most recent example of a power struggle. The source for any power struggle normally generates in the people's urge to dominate others and control things at their will and pleasure. When you extend this analogy to countries in international relations, the comparison throws up innumerable similarities. A country

Capitalizing on the New Mature Workforce Assignment

Capitalizing on the New Mature Workforce - Assignment Example This article focuses on such strategies which include forecasting the workforce aging trends, improving the ability to recruit a mature workforce, provision of flexible retirement programs with suitable benefits and providing a congenial work culture for the older workforce. Only such a reworked workforce strategy will help the progress of any organization in the coming years. The youngest working class of the present generation falls under the age group of 40 years while the oldest are in their early 60’s. Studies also reveal that the 18-34 age group population is expected to grow only by 3% over the next decade. The population which is expected to show substantial growth will be those aged 55 years or above which would result in a shortage of several millions of workers. The human resource department in many organizations is already feeling the pinch as hiring the right candidates for a job has become increasingly difficult. But this study analysis that despite the difficulties faced by the organization in hiring the right talent they continue to follow hiring strategies that target the younger generation of workers which is becoming increasingly scarce. Additionally, when the mature workforce leaves the company after their service they carry along with them all their valuable contacts and expertise which the younger working class will definitely lack. Hence recruiting and retaining the mature workforce would be a more viable option in the given conditions. Thus the present study makes an analysis of suitable policy changes which are required to be undertaken by companies to utilize the potential of the mature workforce as long as they are physically and mentally active.

Leadership Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership - Article Example ibe, he says, will attempt to maximize each person’s contribution to the organization as long as they all stay together as iron filings and focus on the organization’s core values. It is the role and responsibility of leaders in an organization to ensure that their employees are aligned toward sharing a common desire so that their efforts can be synchronized to jointly achieve goals. Alignment by Kaplan and Norton (2006) says that corporations will be more productive if the leadership realizes that the whole is more valuable than the total sum of its differentiated parts. George, Kaplan, and Logan both agree that foe effective operations in any organizational structure, employees need to work together with a shared mission and vision that should also be in sync with that of the organization so that the organization’s goals can be realized. Without such alignment, workers’ efforts will be haphazardly distributed so that no common goal can be achieved. I do agree with the three scholars on their idea about alignment. it is much easier to work with a whole team of employees whose actions, passions, ideas, goals, and agenda are all in sync with the organization’s mission, vision, and core values. This would be the perfect situation for any employee and leader and for the organization to thrive into maximum profitability. What I, however, find in all the arguments above is a normative argument of how an ideal situation for an organization would be. In a highly differentiated society with variance in generations, sex, race, socio-political-economic socialization, and liberalism in personal preferences, it is almost impossible to align employees to comply fully with an organization’s mission and vision. Leaders and employers in any organization would agree with this as an ideal situation that is so hard to come by. What leaders and employers need to do is put in measures that will ensure cooperation on the part of the employees in working toward achieving

Database Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Database Systems - Essay Example Likewise, every new version bundled with the database, can easily be upgraded with the latest one, enabling enterprises to enhance web technologies and service oriented architecture (SOA) (, Oracle Forms). Industries that can benefit from this technology involves Financial institutions, Stocks and bonds, Communications, Aerospace, Manufacturing, Retail, Healthcare, Legal, Government and Educational institutes. Furthermore, Oracle Forms assist business developers to create all-inclusive java client applications rapidly, without writing any java codes. Similarly, these applications are created on the basis of rapid application development (RAD) and are optimized for Internet. Of course, java client applications meet and exceed requirements of professional user communities. Furthermore, these web-deployed applications are rich in functionality and available on demand for express processing of large queries and rapid achievement of complex calculations, transactions and analysis. The int egration of builders in â€Å"Oracle forms developer† facilitates business developers to construct complex database forms and business logic robustly with nominal efforts and time. In addition, the developments tools provide powerful features including wizards, drag and drop, and built in menus. Moreover, these powerful features contribute for a creation of fully purposeful applications from database definition with minimum coding in record time. The Oracle forms developer† endow with an open and extensible user interface model, enabling full customization and integrations of applications with Java (, Oracle Developer Tools). To match the pace for the rapidly demands of changing business environment, developments teams are facing challenges, in terms of enhanced application functionality, enhanced user interface and high performance complex configurations. Finally, â€Å"Oracle forms developer† provides a scalable and flexible architecture to deploy and develop h igh performance enterprise solutions to cater business requirements. Furthermore, the existence of integrated delivery environment is operational for Internet applications, to expand and perform by processing thousand of concurrent users (, Oracle Developer Tools). The limitations consist of the GUI functionality that does not work on the forms deployed on the web. For instance, it is not possible to program or modify the cursor style to hourglass. 2 Oracle Reports Oracle reports are an advanced reporting tool used for dynamic and enterprise level reporting. Moreover, it enables businesses to expand and organize information to all levels within in and outside of the organization. It is a component of Oracle fusion middle-ware which is Oracle’s award winning, high-fidelity enterprise reporting tool. In addition, this tool enables businesses to provide instant access to information at all stages in or outside of the organization in an expandable and safe environment. Oracle Rep orts includes Oracle Reports Developer - a prevailing, (WYSIWYG) report design tool and a J2EE 5.0 based Oracle Reports Server. Furthermore, it is a multi-tier architecture to access data sources and develop reports in any format for the web and paper, and to distribute reports to any possible target. Oracle vestiges committed to the development of this technology, and to the continuing release as a component of the Oracle Fusion Middle-ware platform (, Oracle

Tax memorandum and dividend Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tax memorandum and dividend - Essay Example She makes 16 to 17 hour trips for every trip and takes naps at suitable locations where she stops. While Mark captains a ferry boat that takes up to 15 to 17 hours journeys with 6 to 7 hour overlay. During the over lay Mark takes a four hour nap at the cot restored in the pilot house. The applicable law in these two cases is the overnight rule which is found in section 162(a) (2) of the internal revenue Code of 1954. Specific issues Is Tracy allowed to deduct the cost of meals purchased during the trip? And is Mark allowed to deduct the cost of meals purchased during the trip? The overnight rule only applies if the nature of the taxpayer’s employment is such that it requires him to sleep or rest when away from home. His expenditures which include incidental expenses such as tips are deductible travelling expenses this under section 162(a) (2) of the 1954 Code. It however does not include the brief period of time whereby an employee may be released from duty for the purpose of eating rather than sleeping. In normal circumstances meals are normally nondeductible under section 262 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954. For meals to be deductible as travelling expenses the petitioner has to prove that the meals were eaten while they were travelling away from home in carrying out their employment duties or trade as well as to show they slept substantially away from home. Conclusion Tracy was therefore not eligible for a deduction under the overnight rule, as per the Frederick. J. Barry, pro se. She was only eligible for tax deduction on entertainment expenses during the trips that she made. While Mark was eligible for tax deduction as the layover was mandatory after a 15 to 17 hour shift so as to get the passengers safely back to shore. He was however not going to eligible during the peak season. Support In Marks case, a Ferry captain qualified as being â€Å"away from home† in Code Sec. 162 (a) (2) purposes during off-season tours that were completed w ithin 24 hours and included 6 to 7 hours layovers. This is because of the demanding nature of taxpayer’s job since the captain needed to be alert during the long work hours to ensure passengers and crew safety. This was evidence enough that is was reasonable to obtain sleep and rest to be able meet job exigencies and demands. A 6 to 7 hour layover is more than sufficient duration to reflect increased expenses incurrence. This was not applicable though during peak season tours because rest periods during those hours were not part of the layover released time. The Ferryboat captain deduction for M&IE incurred during off-season tours that were 15 to 17 hours long were subject to Code Sec. 274 (n)(1) deduction limitation. Expenses, which taxpayer computed and substantiated pursuant to operative revenue procedures and federal rate, were treated as food and beverage expenses within meaning of Code Sec. 274(n) (1). In Tracy’s case Frederick J. Barry, pro se. Barry argued that the meals paid for during the 17 hour to 18 hour trips he made to see his clients was deductible under section 162(a), independently of section 163(a) (2). Barry made this trips and stopped at a suitable place to rest in the car before he went back home. He kept a blanket and a pillow in his car for this purpose. The petitioner did not substantially show that his meals where under the ordinary and necessary provision section 162 (a). The case was found to be indistinguishable from Correl. The petitioner was therefore not away from home when section 162(a) (2) was considered during his one day trips during 1966. The petitioner kept detailed records of amounts spent on meals during his one day trips in 1966, this amounted to $, 348.47. From that amount $1, 535. 26, was deductible as entertainment exp

Criminal procedure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminal procedure - Essay Example As society progresses in almost every environmental aspect (social, economic, politics etc.), what the people need is order and including their significant concerns on their individual rights so as to preserve their lives, freedom, properties and so on. Thus, it is important to understand which among the due process and crime control model gives them significant advantages and benefits in addressing their concerns. In this paper, the proponent tries to compare and contrast the role of due process and crime control models on shaping criminal procedure policy. Thus, the analysis includes a review and assessment of the Amendments of the United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights to the states and their potential impacts on the criminal justice system as applied to due process and crime control models. Crime control model Crime control model is associated with efficient criminal justice system. ... Due process model The due process model is concerned with the justice and on the process how it is achieved. In other words, in this model there is equal treatment on giving protection of the innocent and employing punishment of the guilty (Braswell, McCarthy & McCarthy, 2011, p.81). In either way, there is fair treatment on these two cases as the ultimate goal is to seek justice under the required process in the entire justice system. Thus, in other way of saying this, under the due process model, the rights of each individual, either culprit or innocent victim, either of them has to undergo a fair trial. This is a process of giving equal opportunity for each individual to protect their rights. Analysis Crime control and due process models are integral parts of the US criminal procedure. However, in practice and principle these two may differ at some point, as the former would want to emphasize efficiency and finality of the outcome rather than emphasizing appropriate procedures wit hin the justice system. The main argument that may possibly exist in comparison of these criminal procedures involves the consideration of what is meant to achieve â€Å"justice† and â€Å"efficiency†. Based on the above definitions, it turns out that the due process model absolutely focuses on achieving justice while crime control model may be too narrowly focused on solving the crime that at some point may disregard whether there was a fair procedure implemented as to the case of the former. For instance, in the fourth, fifth and sixth amendments of the US Constitution, each person has the right to protect or secure their persons, houses, papers and so on from unreasonable searches and seizures; secure to answer for a capital or infamous crime

Human cloning Essay Example for Free

Human cloning Essay If there was one technology that the world never accepted, then it will be the cloning of humans. Just 30 hours after the news of a cloned lamb hit the streets, movements against human cloning already started forming (Pence 1998, p. 1). 90 days after the study, a law against human cloning was already being pushed. People claimed that there is no good reason to clone humans, and yet, how can this be known when there wasn’t enough time to discuss it? When the scientific community did not even have time to prove its advantages? Most of the arguments against cloning are philosophical in nature. It is not about â€Å"scientific facts but about ethics, human nature and public policy† (Pence 1998, p. 3). If we look at human cloning in an objective point of view we will realize that there are certain merits to this technology. Certainly, there are disadvantages too, but whether the disadvantages outweigh the advantages is still a question unresolved today. Advantages of Human Cloning Human cloning becomes a good prospect when we talk about the issue of infertility and genetic illnesses. In an article published by ScienceRay (Whatani 2008), it was mentioned that only half of the population of females are capable of gestation. Estimates show that current infertility treatments are only 10% effective (Benefits of Cloning n. d) hence, there are many couples who end up getting frustrated because of their inability to have children. With human cloning, there is no need for the egg to be fertilized, and there is no need to find a mate, and only one parent is needed to create a child (Teacher’s Domain 2010). Researches show that an average person carries 8 defective genes (Benefits of Cloning n. d). In some cases, these genes are recessive and no symptoms will appear, but there are also instances when the genes are inherited by the children and they become dominant traits. Down’s syndrome and Tay Sach’s disease are just two genetic illnesses which can be inherited if reproduction is left to natural means. Though human cloning, parents can choose which genes their children will inherit, thereby allowing them to get rid of the defective genes. Another advantage of cloning is that it is now possible to create organs which can be used for transplants (The Advantages of Cloning n. d). People with liver and kidney trouble no longer need to wait for a donor to get a transplant. People suffering from leukemia can get cloned marrow. Scientists will be able to produce effective therapy for cystic fibrosis if only they are allowed to test the technology for human cloning. Lastly, cloning will allow medical professionals to understand how cells differentiate and become cancer cells, thereby allowing the creation of a cure for the disease. Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction In several researches conducted (Science Daily 2006; Treisman 1976; Williams and Mitton 1973) it was discovered that sexual reproduction allows populations to adapt to their environment better because they are able to resist harmful mutations. Yet, sexually transmitted diseases are already so widespread that sex has become risky. Also, sexual reproduction has its costs wherein the female carry most of the burden, a situation called as the two-fold costs of sex (Science Daily 2006). In his study, Ricardo Azevedo says that in order to overcome the two-fold cost of sex, two things must be true ‘The production rate of harmful mutations must be relatively high, such that each individual acquires on average one or more harmful germline mutations not inherited from its parents. The second is that these harmful mutations must interact in a special way, called negative epistasis, such that adding more and more harmful mutations makes you progressively worse off (Science Daily 2006). This means that in order for genetic illnesses and harmful mutations to become extinct, these two conditions must take place. Needless to say, there are no studies which show how prevalent negative epistasis is in nature, hence the extinction of genetic illnesses and mutations are purely by chance. With the world becoming even more chaotic because of the discovery of new incurable diseases and the rapidly degrading environment, there is a big possibility that the survival of humankind may need to rely with artificial means. With human cloning, it is now possible to create a healthier, if not a better race of individuals who are more resistant to mutations and have lesser diseases to endure (Phil for Humanity n. d).

Would you expect an increase in a minimum wage to help or hurt Essay Example for Free

Would you expect an increase in a minimum wage to help or hurt Essay Increasing the minimum statutory wage has much far-reaching implications . Research indicate that this has a major impact on the business, employment and labor market. Studies done on its impact show that the increase very probably leads to reduction of employment more so for the young and unskilled who typically get engaged in lower income jobs. So if the increase in minimum wage is not beneficial to the general economy, is it helpful to the labor force it ought to benefit? On a positive note or rather short term the increase will mean that the workers will have an increased disposable income therefore they will be in a position to meet their needs more comfortably than they did before the increase. On the other hand the increase is just minimal therefore it adds very little to the income of the workers in general. This method has been found to be an ineffective tool for poverty reduction due to such negative impacts which mainly affect the people it ought to benefit. (Neumark, D and Wascher, W 1992) An increase in minimum wage forces the employers to respond in certain ways, studies indicate that when minimum wages increase the employers often tend to reduce the fringe benefits for the workers and at the same time reduce trainings for the employees. They embark on a cost cutting measures so as to fill the gap created by the funds which go towards the increment. Such a move will affect the worker as he or she will enjoy less benefits. In a matter of fact they might continue taking home the same amount of money or even less due to reduction or withdrawal of benefits. The cost cutting measures may deny a worker a chance to progress in a career when on job training as a benefit is done away with. On the same note to manage the business spending the employer may even end up reducing the hours of work further reducing the wage. (Neumark, D and Wascher, W 1992) An increase in the minimum statutory wage may be a good thing in the short term, but it has a negative impact to the worker since the employers will have to act in a certain way to ensure that they continue to enjoy the same profits margin as they did before. Reference Neumark, D and Wascher, W (1992) Employment effects of minimum and sub minimum wages: Panel Data on State Wage Laws, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, vol 46

Replica Node Detection using Enhanced Single Hop Detection

Replica Node Detection using Enhanced Single Hop Detection REPLICA NODE DETECTION USING ENHANCED SINGLE HOP DETECTION WITH CLONAL SELECTION ALGORITHM IN MOBILE WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 1. INTRODUCTION Sensor systems are being theme of enthusiasm among the scholarly community and industry because of those broad variety relevance in different system situations. WSNs comprise of an expansive number of little sensors, generally sent thickly in the objective territory to gather important information [1, 2]. Hubs pertaining to Sensors are asset obliged because of their little dimension plus it restricts the capacity of calculation and correspondence. The most widely recognized utilizations of WSNs incorporate living space checking, fringe watching in military, movement observing, and quiet observing in human services [3, 4]. In MWSNs [5, 6], hubs pertaining to sensor have extra portability capacity to meander inside an objective region. Versatile sensor hubs can give precise information contrasted with static hubs. The sensor quantity needed in MWSNs to cover an allocated region is extremely smaller than static WSNs. By and by, thick sending of portable hubs bolsters high unwavering qua lity and load adjusting. Regardless of all focal points, MWSNs have an exceptionally dynamic system topology because of versatility. Along these lines, the difficulties are duplicated contrasted with their static partners. The real difficulties incorporate correspondence, scope, distributive helpful manage, and safety [7, 8]. Safety has dependably been a basic issue of worry in WSNs [9]. WSN (Remote Sensor Network) contains a gathering of remote sensor hubs that forma correspondence arranges. These hubs gather the touchy data from the area in addition to propel those substance as an information to the foundation location at which it checks the information as well as ID transferred by the hubs pertaining to sensor. These sensor hubs are typically low valued equipment segments with imperatives on reminiscence dimension as well as calculation abilities. The transportable WSNs are like WSN aside from to facilitate the hubs pertaining to sensor are portable in character. The different u tilizations of Mobile WSNs incorporate mechanical autonomy, transportation framework, reconnaissance, and following. Analysts center to incorporate Mobile WSNs into the (Internet of Things) IoT [10]. Nonetheless, an immense measure of safety problem emerges as assaults because of absence of equipment support and shaky sensor hubs. One such assault is the hub replication assault. In sensor systems, aggressors catch and trade off hubs to infuse fake information into the system that influence the system correspondence plus functions. Such kind of assault has been recognized as reproduction hub assault [11]. The foe catches mystery inputs as of the traded off hubs also distributes those in terms of reproductions in the system. Reproductions have been imitated as legit via the nearby hubs plus typical hubs dont know about imitations send signals such as its nearby hubs. It likewise connives and goes about as honest to goodness hub that gives immovability to the system. The copy hubs have been managed by the foe. The issue is the reproduction hubs likewise hold the input which has been needed for safe correspondence in the system. Notwithstanding these issues, versatility of hubs, the plot of imitation, and sideway assaults are the principle trouble while distinguishing plus managing those copy hubs. At the point when the reproductions are not distinguished, then the system will be interested in aggressors and the system turns out to be more powerless. The recognition of copy hub in the Mobile WSNs has been a significant undertaking. In this way, just few location plans are being suggested [12]. Since the enemy appropriates imitation hubs wherever in the system, the versatility helped recognition plan has been needed to distinguish the copies in the system. In the prior works, versatility helped system, (Single Hop Detection) SHD, was proposed. In Single Hop Detection, every hub communicates its area maintain to its solitary jump neighbors and chooses the witness hu b.[13] The chose witness hub recognizes reproductions by playing out the confirmation procedure. Subsequently, it lessens correspondence overhead. Notwithstanding, when the reproductions plot by means of every additional, they select imitation as an observer hub. Consequently, the recognition exactness has been less. The primary target pertaining to the suggested study has been to enhance the location exactness through the selection of the suitable witness hub with decreased overheads amid the discovery of copy hubs in the portable remote sensor systems. To congregate the goal, SHD is improved utilizing the AIS. Counterfeit Immune System (AIS) is a division of Artificial Intelligence in view of the standards of (HIS) Human Immune System. It gives different answers for this present reality issues because of its trademark highlights. The trademark highlights incorporate learning capacity to the novel circumstances, flexibility and dispersed personality to the various environment, rest ricted assets, as well as the ability to survive still in the brutal situations.[14] The upgrade of Single Hop Detection with AIS enhances the discovery precision. The commitment behind the research study tries to incorporate the upgrade of the SHD technique through application of the Clonal assortment calculation to select the observer hubs which has been a different commitment. Because of this, the discovery proportion is expanded through the selection of proper witness hubs and accordingly, the reproduction hub location handle causes least manage overheads. 2. MOTIVATION OF THE PROJECT Safety of Mobile WSNs is an indispensable test. One has been the hub replication assault, having a similar character of the caught hub, and the foe conveys an eccentric number of copies all through the system. Henceforth copy hub recognition is an imperative test With little exertion, a foe may catches, examinations, and repeats those of them as well as embed these copies at various areas inside the systems. Such assault may have a few results and may degenerate system information or critical divisions pertaining to the system. Existing strategies acquire manage overheads plus the discovery exactness has been little at which the copy is chosen in the form of an observer hub. The present study tries to suggest with regard to the improving of the SHD (Single Hop Detection) technique utilizing the Clonal assortment calculation to distinguish the duplicate through choosing the appropriate observer hubs. The benefits of the suggested strategy incorporate (i) increment in the identificatio n proportion, (ii) Decline in the management overhead, plus (iii) increment in throughput. The discovery rate likelihood alludes to location of the threat assault in a constrained era. The likelihood of recognition periods demonstrates that proposed technique distinguished the imitations in brisk, compelling and productive way. Something else, there could be a plausibility that an aggressor can exploit the late recognition to catch the entire correspondence. Vitality is likewise an essential parameter in reproduction location in light of the fact that an aggressor needs high vitality to screen the entire system. So also, the vitality of the portable hub ought to be effective to play out the recognition and alleviation handle for replication assaults. The likelihood of vitality that portable hub devours in the distribution plus getting messages by versatile hubs. The correspondence cost for discovery imitations ought to be attractive and high. Each versatile hub needs to amass the da ta, check and direct the examination for clones assaults identification (i.e., if similar hub character has been found). The recognition system ought to have high genuine optimistic speed (replica hubs are identified effectively) as well as the less untrue optimistic speed (typical hub is blamed as a replica). The execution of pertaining to the suggested study is measured utilizing identification proportion, false recognition proportion, parcel conveyance proportion, normal postponement, management overheads as well as throughput. The execution is done utilizing ns-2 to display the reality of the suggested study. 3. RELATED WORK The identification plans intended for still WSNs have not been material to MWSNs because of element system topology. An identification component in MWSNs should consider the portability of a hub with a specific end goal to distinguish copy [15]. The reproduction discovery instruments in MWSNs likewise stated in the writing are depicted underneath. The identification plans UTLSE (Unary-Time-Location Storage and Exchange) and MTLSD (Multi-Time-Location Storage and Diffusion) suggested [16] receive time-area guarantee approach. Every hub in Unary-Time-Location Storage and Exchange and Multi-Time-Location Storage and Diffusion saves various occurrences of time-area maintain of the followed hubs. With the gathering, of the time-area plans are traded flanked by two trackers to confirm the possibility of area cases. At the point when a contention emerges in the time-area confirmation procedure of a hub, it is distinguished as reproduction. A location conspire utilizing hubs pace has been su ggested [17]. The plan utilizes SPRT (Sequential Probability Ratio Test) to register hubs speed. At the point when a hub touches base at another area, it communicates now is the ideal time area state to the nearby hubs. Neighbors forward the got maintain to BS following effectively confirming the realness of the communication. The BS is in charge of social event time-area cases of the hubs plus evaluates their speed. A hub possessing the pace that is greater when compared to it has already defined with a pace cutoff is identified as reproduction through the BS. A pair wise key foundation procedure to recognize presence of reproduction is displayed [18]. The aggregate quantity pertaining to the pairwise keys set up by a hub is put away utilizing Counting Bloom channel. The tally of total keys in numbers built up is intermittently transferred to the BS viaevery hub. The got Counting Bloom channels are redesigned at BS for every hub in the system. At the point when the quantity of keys built up for a hub surpasses the predefined edge esteem, the hub is distinguished as copy by the BS. A solitary bounce based reproduction location plan has been suggested [19]. In the present work of the researchers, the observershub determination strategy for single-bounce imitation discovery is enhanced by utilizing clonal choice calculation. The best reasonable observer for a hub in its single-bounce neighbor is chosen utilizing the clonal choice calculation. The area unique finger impression sharing and confirmation strategy is utilized to recognize reproduction. The (Extremely Efficient Detection) XED plus EDD (Efficient Distributed Detection) plans have been suggested [20]. The recognition of copy in XED is based upon the trading of an irregular number between every combine of hubs, which is additionally called a test. At the point when a similar match of hubs gets together at a later purpose pertaining to the time, the test check has been executed. A hub that comes up short the test check process is recognized as a reproduction. In the Efficient Distributed Detection, a reproduction is identified in light of the tally pertaining to the quantity of gatherings between a couple of hubs. In the event that the quantity of gatherings of a hub over a period interim surpasses the predefined edge, after that it is recognized as copy. In the identification plans, the imitations are recognized through the BS. In these plans, BS is overloaded with calculation and reproduction discovery undertakings. There is likewise an extra in the clouds within the system for imparting between every one of the hubs and the BS. The XED component is not versatile to taking of test from a caught hub. In EDD plot, the execution of identification component relies on upon the quantity of gatherings edge, which is hard to assess in MWSNs. This has been on the grounds that the quantity of gatherings with a hub over a period interim relies on upon the system measure, the range of organiz ation, hubs pace, plus the versatility replica of the hubs. It alters with the variety of some of these constraints in the system. For instance, if the system size is expanded, then the quantity of gatherings with a specific hub diminishes, as prob 1/arrange measure. Assessing an edge upon the quantity of gatherings with a hub in the absence of taking into consideration the variety of the previously mentioned parameters may bring about false recognition. In the plan suggested [21], the imitation is recognized exclusively in light of a solitary instance of contention with the deliberate pace. The pace is registered utilizing the Euclidean separation between reported areas of a hub over a period interim. This might not register the real pace of a hub in the system with irregular waypoint portability demonstrate. At the point when a hub moves quicker by altering the course as often as possible, it never takes after a straight way. In addition, since the areas of copy and the first hub are utilized to gauge the straying velocity, the enemy may convey the reproductions to draw inside nearer buildings of the first hub to maintain the deliberate speed inside the acknowledged assortment. In the plan suggested , the area unique mark system is not reasonable for MWSN, because of the lively topography of the system. Also, choice of a solitary witness hub may prompt to low imitation recognition likelihood, at which the nearby hubs are every now and again changing after some time. The copy discovery process ought not choose in light of one time clashing conduct of a hub and its imitation while utilizing the parameters, for example, pace as well as the quantity of gatherings, yet rather conduct ought to be seen over various time interims display the (XED) eXtremely Efficienty Detection technique. This is an appropriated recognition calculation for versatile systems where the discovery depends upon the information traded between the hubs in the system. It recognizes the rep roduction in view of the arbitrary number traded among one another pertaining to the two hubs. The recognition capacity is debased when the copies trade the correct arbitrary esteem. [22] Suggested SHD (Single Hop Detection) technique. It is a versatility helped based ispersed recognition technique. In SHD technique, when a hub shows up at various neighborhood group, imitation is identified. This strategy enhances the correspondence overhead. 4. PROPOSED WORK The suggested upgraded SHD technique makes utilization of the Clonal determination calculation for the improvement. The improved SHD is like SHD with the exception of that the choice of witness hubs is finished through the Clonal assortment calculation. The suggested CSSHD like SHD comprises of unique mark claim and unique finger impression check stages. In the unique mark assert stage, the unique finger impression of the hubs neighbors is traded between the one-jump neighborhoods. The determination of witness hub is based upon the choice of lymphocytes at large in the Clonal collection calculation. The hub which has been most extreme capacity to forward information is chosen as witness hub. The greatest capacity of the observer hub is dictated by its sending ability. The sending capacity is controlled through the faith estimation of the hub. The trust esteem is ascertained in view of the information bundle sending proportion (DFR) as well as the manage parcel sending proportion (PFR ). The suggested CSSHD strategy aids in choosing the suitable witness hub. Consequently, the recognition exactness can be enhanced by distinguishing the copies with least control overheads. Amid experimentation, the attributes of every hub in the system and its execution are investigated utilizing the suggested CSSHD technique. The proposed philosophy is tried utilizing NS-2 test system, which is basic and surely understood system test system apparatus. The adaptation pertaining to NS-2 has been ns-This device is for the most part utilized as a part of the recreation region of MANET, remote sensor system, VANET, et cetera. Amid the reproduction time, the insights are gathered. The insights incorporates information parcels got, control bundles created, sent parcels, aggregate of all parcels delay, add up to number of got bundles, add up to number of reproduction hubs accurately discovered, add up to bytes got every second and aggregate quantity of kilobytes. Utilizing the above measu rements, the accompanying measurements are characterized: (i) Packet conveyance proportion, (ii) Control overhead, (iii) Standard postponement, (iv) Communication fall (v) Throughput, (vi) Discovery proportion, (vii) False caution rate, The execution pertaining to the suggested strategy is assessed as far as the given factors. The suggested study tries to improve its execution in every one of the measurements; especially, the discovery proportion is enhanced much superior to the current technique. 5. CONCLUSION In versatile WSN, hub replication assault is an essential one. The different reproduction recognition techniques are data traded based identification, hub meeting based location, and the portability based discovery. Of all the above mentioned three copy recognition techniques, the suggested study focuses on the versatility helped based location strategy.. The planned study upgrades the SHD strategy utilizing Clonal Selection calculation of AIS to enhance the recognition proportion through the choice of the good eyewitness hub. The suggested CSSHD strategy is utilized as a part of a completely appropriated environment where correspondence happens among single jump neighbors, exceedingly solid against hub plot and effective in securing against different copy hubs. The test is directed utilizing the ns-2 test system. The proposed technique is being great throughput, little above head and less untrue caution rate. The aftereffects pertaining to the suggested approach are contrasted and e xisting technique which demonstrates that the normal deferral, manage in the clouds, and communication drop have been minimized with higher bundle conveyance ortion esteem and higher recognition proportion. This demonstrates the proposed technique is proficient towards identifying duplicates which have been not flexible against deceitful reproductions with least control REFERENCE M. Carlos-Mancilla, E. LÂÂ ´opez-Mellado, and M. Siller (2016) , Wireless sensor networks formation: approaches and techniques, Journal of Sensors, vol. 2016,Article ID 2081902, 18 pages. S. Tanwar, N. Kumar, and J. J. P. C. Rodrigues (2015.) , A systematic review on heterogeneous routing protocols for wireless sensor network, Journal of Network and Computer Applications, vol. 53, pp. 39-56. A. Hadjidj, M. Souil, A. Bouabdallah, Y. Challal, and H. Owen (2013) , Wireless sensor networks for rehabilitation applications: challenges and opportunities, Journal of Network and Computer Applications, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 1-15. K. Sohraby, D. Minoli, and T. Znati (2007) , Wireless Sensor Networks Technology, Protocols, and Applications , John Wiley Sons ,New York, NY, USA. J. Rezazadeh, M. Moradi, and S. A. 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Zhang, and S. Liu (2012) , Single hop detection of node clone attacks inmobilewireless sensor networks, in Proceedings of the International Workshop on Information and Electronics Engineering (IWIEE 12), pp. 2798-2803, Harbin, China, March.

Sales Ethics Essay -- essays research papers fc

Sales Ethics What are they and how can they be better Followed? To fully understand the nature of the question posed one must know the meaning of ethics. Webster’s dictionary defines ethics as the philosophical study of the moral value of human conduct and of the rules and principles that ought to govern it; moral philosophy, the moral fitness of a decision, course of action, etc. Basically, I believe ethics is how one makes a decision according to the social norm that surrounds him. The social norm includes not only the culture but the laws and standard procedures of the environment. These laws and norms must be fully understood before one can understand the ethical significance of one’s decision.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With that definition being stated we must look at the environment in which the activity in question occurred, a common sales exchange. The salesman obviously works for a company that governs his behaviors and measures his performance. Therefore, they provide a structure of rules for him to follow in his job. In my opinion, by breaking these rules he has acted unethically.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The world of business is very complex and filled with decisions. Wither large or small they all have an effect on the final product. Often time’s employees are monitored very heavily and are not given the change to make an unethical decision. Salesmen however are not monitored and can make decisions that greatly benefit themselves and not the company. This is the case in the example given to us. Because of the salesman’s lack of performance he has to alter his actual performance to make it seem like he is doing his job right. While this is a small and seeming insignificant procedure it can hurt a company very badly. It is not ethical and is very bad business conduct.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some may say that this practice is all right and does not affect a company in any way. This is not true. The losses associated with these types of unethical behavior average more than $3,000 per employee per year in tangible, measurable costs. That doesn't count the losses in customer confidence, damage to the organization's reputation, loss of employee commitment to and confidence in leadership, or other, less-tangible costs.( Navran, Frank, 1997) Companies have guidelines for a reason. If they are broken then they loose money and c... ...unethical behavior in the pursuit of business objectives. One quarter reported that their companies' managers look the other way and ignore unethical business conduct to meet business objectives. ( Navran, Frank, 1997) If managers keep pushing and pushing then salesmen will soon not be able to keep up. They almost have to cheat to keep their job. There are many unethical practices going on in today’s business world. While they may seem insignificant they create a downward spiral that could eventually kill their business. Both managers and salesmen need to work together to eliminate the problem. Until they do unethical behaviors will continue to occur.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited Are Your Employees Cheating to Keep Up? Ed. Navran, Frank. Copyright ACC Communications Inc 1997 Do Sweat the Small Stuff. Ed. Meyer, Charlene. Journal for Quality & Participation 26, no. 1 (Spring 2003): p. 31-32 A Typology of Situational Factors: Impact on Salesperson Decision Making About Ethical Issues. Ed. Ross, William; Robertson, Diana. Journal of Business Ethics 46, no. 3 (Sep 2003)

Portrait :: essays research papers

Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Stephen Dedalus is born of a woman, created of the earth; pure in his childhood innocence. From this beginning stems the birth of an artist, and from this the novel, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, James Joyce recounts Stephen's story. His journey is followed from childhood to maturity, and thus his transformation from secular to saintly to an awakening of what he truly is. The novel evolves from simple, childlike diction, to sophisticated, higher ideas and thoughts as Dedalus completes his transition into an artist. In the beginning, Dedalus sees the world in an almost sing-song nursery rhyme sense, with a "moocow" coming down the road. By the end of the novel, Dedalus is mature and worldly; a man who stands tall and who feels confident with "Old father, old artificer, stand me now and ever in good stead." (238). Through the use of the symbols of woman and earth, and white and purification, Joyce gives his novel depth and wonder. These symbols follow an array of transformations, changing throughout the novel much like Stephen himself. The figure woman goes from the mother figure, to that of the whore, and finally to the representation of freedom itself. As a child, the image of the mother figure is strong. It is nurturing and supportive, that of "a woman standing at the half-door of a cottage with a child in her arms . . ." (10) who shelters and protects and makes Stephen afraid to "think of how it was" to be without a mother. As Stephen grows, however, like any child his dependency of him mother begins to dwindle, as does his awe for her. He begins to question his relationship with her and she is suddenly seen as a dirty figure, beginning the transformation of Stephen's image of women; from that of mother to whore. He first begins to questions the purity of his mother, his creator, his earth, when confronted by class mates, who taunt and confuse the innocent act of kissing his mother. He suddenly wonders, "Was it right to kiss his mother or wrong to kiss his mother? What did that mean, to kiss? You put your face up like that to say good night and then his mother put her face down. That was to kiss." (24) However, later in the novel the image of the pure and novel mother appears once more, but not in the figure of Stephen's own mother.

Auroville :: Philosophy Essays

Auroville The question often comes up, what environment would allow us to easily embody our beliefs and lead a life free of hypocrisy. Communities are an excellent, even if not the only solution. The gathering of diverse people based on a similarity in their aspirations and interests forms a whole that is greater than the sum of the parts. One of the most successful attempts at forming such a community is Auroville, located in southern India. Auroville came into existence in 1968 and, at that time, comprised largely of the followers of the Mother. The Mother was a French disciple of the Indian philosopher Sri Aurobindo who became a spiritual leader in her own right. The Mother wanted Auroville to be a city of human unity and international understanding and she formed the Auroville Charter: 1. Auroville belongs to nobody in particular. Auroville belongs to humanity as a whole. But to live in Auroville one must be a willing servitor of the Divine Consciousness. 2. Auroville will be the place of an unending education, of constant progress, and a youth that never ages. 3. Auroville wants to be the bridge between the past and the future. Taking advantage of all discoveries from without and from within, Auroville will boldly spring toward future realizations. 4. Auroville will be a site of material and spiritual researches for a living embodiment of an actual Human Unity. Although the Mother’s Charter is almost exclusively spiritual in its content, almost from the very beginning the citizens of Auroville added a strong earth-care focus to the founding ideals of the community. Today, Auroville has grown into a community of almost 2000 people from nearly 30 different countries. The main township consists of four zones at the center – the industrial, cultural, residential and the international. This is surrounded by an afforested green belt. The town is divided into about 80 ‘sub-communities’ of various sizes, separated by village and temple lands. The citizens of Auroville are encouraged to take part in any activity that is in accordance with the community’s ideals. This does include profit-making business as well. The activities of the people include afforestation, organic agriculture, educational research, health care, village development, renewable energy, town planning and cultural services. The township now organically grows about 40% of its food and generates 35% of its own electrical and thermal energy.

A Tale of Two Cities- Quotes

A Tale of Two Cities quotes & explanation 1. It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way. . . Explanation for Quotation 1 >> These famous lines, which open A Tale of Two Cities, hint at the novel’s central tension between love and family, on the one hand, and oppression and hatred, on the other. The passage makes marked use of anaphora, the repetition of a phrase at the beginning of consecutive clauses—for example, â€Å"it was the age . . . it was the age† and â€Å"it was the epoch . . . it was the epoch. . . † This technique, along with the passage’s steady rhythm, suggests that g ood and evil, wisdom and folly, and light and darkness stand equally matched in their struggle. The opposing pairs in this passage also initiate one of the novel’s most prominent motifs and structural figures—that of doubles, including London and Paris, Sydney Carton and Charles Darnay, Miss Pross and Madame Defarge, and Lucie and Madame Defarge. 2. A wonderful fact to reflect upon, that every human creature is constituted to be that profound secret and mystery to every other.A solemn consideration, when I enter a great city by night, that every one of those darkly clustered houses encloses its own secret; that every room in every one of them encloses its own secret; that every beating heart in the hundreds of thousands of breasts there, is, in some of its imagin-ings, a secret to the heart nearest it! Something of the awfulness, even of Death itself, is referable to this. Explanation for Quotation 2 >> The narrator makes this reflection at the beginning of Book the Fi rst, Chapter 3, after Jerry Cruncher delivers a cryptic message to Jarvis Lorry in the darkened mail coach.Lorry’s mission—to recover the long-imprisoned Doctor Manette and â€Å"recall† him to life—establishes the essential dilemma that he and other characters face: namely, that human beings constitute perpetual mysteries to one another and always remain somewhat locked away, never fully reachable by outside minds. This fundamental inscrutability proves most evident in the case of Manette, whose private sufferings force him to relapse throughout the novel into bouts of cobbling, an occupation that he first took up in prison.Throughout the novel, Manette mentally returns to his prison, bound more by his own recollections than by any attempt of the other characters to â€Å"recall† him into the present. This passage’s reference to death also evokes the deep secret revealed in Carton’s self-sacrifice at the end of the novel. The exact p rofundity of his love and devotion for Lucie remains obscure until he commits to dying for her; the selflessness of his death leaves the reader to wonder at the ways in which he might have manifested this great love in life. . The wine was red wine, and had stained the ground of the narrow street in the suburb of Saint Antoine, in Paris, where it was spilled. It had stained many hands, too, and many faces, and many naked feet, and many wooden shoes. The hands of the man who sawed the wood, left red marks on the billets; and the forehead of the woman who nursed her baby, was stained with the stain of the old rag she wound about her head again.Those who had been greedy with the staves of the cask, had acquired a tigerish smear about the mouth; and one tall joker so besmirched, his head more out of a long squalid bag of a night-cap than in it, scrawled upon a wall with his finger dipped in muddy wine-lees—blood. Explanation for Quotation 3 >> This passage, taken from Book the Fi rst, Chapter 5, describes the scramble after a wine cask breaks outside Defarge’s wine shop. This episode opens the novel’s examination of Paris and acts as a potent depiction of the peasants’ hunger.These oppressed individuals are not only physically starved—and thus willing to slurp wine from the city streets—but are also hungry for a new world order, for justice and freedom from misery. In this passage, Dickens foreshadows the lengths to which the peasants’ desperation will take them. This scene is echoed later in the novel when the revolutionaries—now similarly smeared with red, but the red of blood—gather around the grindstone to sharpen their weapons.The emphasis here on the idea of staining, as well as the scrawling of the word blood, furthers this connection, as does the appearance of the wood-sawyer, who later scares Lucie with his mock guillotine in Book the Third, Chapter 5. Additionally, the image of the wine lappin g against naked feet anticipates the final showdown between Miss Pross and Madame Defarge in Book the Third, Chapter 14: â€Å"The basin fell to the ground broken, and the water flowed to the feet of Madame Defarge. By strange stern ways, and through much staining of blood, those feet had come to meet that water. † 4.Along the Paris streets, the death-carts rumble, hollow and harsh. Six tumbrels carry the day’s wine to La Guillotine. All the devouring and insatiate Monsters imagined since imagination could record itself, are fused in one realization, Guillotine. And yet there is not in France, with its rich variety of soil and climate, a blade, a leaf, a root, a sprig, a peppercorn, which will grow to maturity under conditions more certain than those that have produced this horror. Crush humanity out of shape once more, under similar hammers, and it will twist itself into the same tortured forms.Sow the same seed of rapacious license and oppression over again, and it w ill surely yield the same fruit according to its kind. Explanation for Quotation 4 >> In this concise and beautiful passage, which occurs in the final chapter of the novel, Dickens summarizes his ambivalent attitude toward the French Revolution. The author stops decidedly short of justifying the violence that the peasants use to overturn the social order, personifying â€Å"La Guillotine† as a sort of drunken lord who consumes human lives—â€Å"the day’s wine. Nevertheless, Dickens shows a thorough understanding of how such violence and bloodlust can come about. The cruel aristocracy’s oppression of the poor â€Å"sow[s] the same seed of rapacious license† in the poor and compels them to persecute the aristocracy and other enemies of the revolution with equal brutality. Dickens perceives these revolutionaries as â€Å"[c]rush[ed] . . . out of shape† and having beenâ€Å"hammer[ed] . . . into . . . tortured forms. These depictions evidence his belief that the lower classes’ fundamental goodness has been perverted by the terrible conditions under which the aristocracy has forced them to live. 5. I see a beautiful city and a brilliant people rising from this abyss, and, in their struggles to be truly free, in their triumphs and defeats, through long years to come, I see the evil of this time and of the previous time of which this is the natural birth, gradually making expiation for itself and wearing out. . . I see that child who lay upon her bosom and who bore my name, a man winning his way up in that path of life which once was mine. I see him winning it so well, that my name is made illustrious there by the light of his. . . . It is a far, far better thing that I do, than I have ever done; it is a far, far better rest I go to than I have ever known. Explanation for Quotation 5 >>Though much debate has arisen regarding the value and meaning of Sydney Carton’s sacrifice at the end of the novel, the surest key to interpretation rests in the thoughts contained in this passage, which the narrator attributes to Carton as he awaits his sacrificial death. This passage, which occurs in the final chapter, prophesies two resurrections: one personal, the other national. In a novel that seeks to examine the nature of revolution—the overturning of one way of life for another—the struggles of France and of Sydney Carton mirror each other.Here, Dickens articulates the outcome of those struggles: just as Paris will â€Å"ris[e] from [the] abyss† of the French Revolution’s chaotic and bloody violence, so too will Carton be reborn into glory after a virtually wasted life. In the prophecy that Paris will become â€Å"a beautiful city†and that Carton’s name will be â€Å"made illustrious,† the reader sees evidence of Dickens’s faith in the essential goodness of humankind. The very last thoughts attributed to Carton, in their poetic use of repetit ion, register this faith as a calm and soothing certainty.

Argument Essay

The following passage comes from â€Å"The Common Life,† a 1994 essay by the American writer Scott Russell Sanders. Read the passage carefully and then write an essay that defends, challenges, or qualifies Sanders’ ideas about the relationship between the individual and society in the United States. Use specific evidence to support your position. A woman who recently moved from Los Angeles to Bloomington [Indiana] told me that she would not be able to stay here long, because she was already beginning to recognize people in the grocery stores, on the sidewalks, in the library. Being surrounded by familiar faces made her nervous, after years in a city where she could range about anonymously. Every traveler knows the sense of liberation that comes from journeying to a place where nobody expects anything of you. Everyone who has gone to college knows the exhilaration of slipping away from the watchful eyes of Mom and Dad. We all need seasons of withdrawal from responsibility. But if we make a career of being unaccountable, we have lost something essential to our humanity, and we may well become a burden or a threat to those around us. A community can support a number of people who are just passing through, or who care about no one’s needs but their own; the greater the proportion of such people, however, the more vulnerabl e the community, until eventually it breaks down†¦.Taking part in the common life means dwelling in a web of relationships, the many threads tugging at you while also holding you upright. PITFALL ONE: not understanding the task or the directions Make sure that you read the passage correctly and understand your task. Don’t get caught up in tangential issues. Figure out what Sanders’s central thesis is. This student had trouble understanding the issue: For example, when people get caught doing something wrong and they don’t want to admit to their mistakes, they sometimes think of a lie, which is a defense mechanism people use when in trouble. Who hasn’t lied at some time  in their lives? The guilt will haunt the lady in the passage who moved to Bloomington, tearing up everything in her life from inside then out. The example about the woman from Bloomington is not the central issue in this prompt—it is an example Sanders is giving to make his point. An EXAMPLE WILL NOT BE THE CLAIM, it will illustrate the claim. So, to determine the claim think about what point the example supports. PITFALL TWO: merely paraphrasing the passage If your whole essay consists of explaining what Sanders is saying in this passage, you will not score above a five out of nine. Resist the temptation to tell what the entire passage is saying. The readers know what the passage says. {This mistake seems especially common when the argument prompt is longer.} Refer to the claim of the passage in as few words as possible. Unlike the rhetorical analysis, you do not need to quote long sections of the passage—this eats up time and accomplishes very little. Your job here is to figure out and clarify what the central issue is and then to defend, challenge, or qualify that issue. In this passage, Sanders writes about the relationship between the individual and society. He talks about a lady that moved from Los Angeles to Bloomington, Indiana. She says she would not be able to stay long because she was already beginning to recognize people. Sanders writes that the lady gets nervous when she is recognized. She liked not being known and not having to get involved in that society. Sanders says that a couple of people like this help society run, but if there were too many, society would collapse. Society depends on some people to interact so that it can keep going. {If this were only the introduction, and the student followed up with an assertion that defended, challenged, or qualified Sanders’s assertion, this paragraph would be acceptable, although it’s not necessary to paraphrase this much. But when a paraphrase is your whole essay, you’re looking at a low score.} PITFALL THREE: not taking a definite stand This is one of the most common errors students make. You must have a definite opinion and state that opinion unequivocally, even if you are qualifying. And even if you don’t really have that opinion in real life. Sanders describes the relationship between the individual and society as a contrast. The individual is nervous around a too-familiar society. A society feels threatened by a great number of individuals that are unfamiliar. In a big city, most people become accustomed to unknown people because of the large population. However, in a small town where everybody knows everybody else, a newcomer might be seen as a threat to their way of life. In a small community, most people have their familiar routines. For the traveler, though, it is still a new opportunity for the community. The unknown traveler may be thought of as an alteration to their everyday routine. The essay above discusses the workings of a small town and a big city and makes some interesting observations about the contrast. The writer, however, never takes a definite stand on whether or not it is healthy to remove oneself completely from society. On the other hand, this writer takes a definite stand and backs it up with appropriate evidence: Sanders says that â€Å"we all need seasons of withdrawal from responsibility.† There are times when people need to forget about what others expect from them and do only what they feel is needed. (concession) While Sanders’s statements are true, people cannot live a responsibility-dodging life forever. He feels that if people are to do so, â€Å"We will have lost something essential to our humanity.† If everyone were to give up their responsibilities and do only what was best for themselves, then society would not function. Organizations would fall apart because people would no longer be able to work together. Eventually our entire government would break down and the nation would erupt into total chaos. The more careless people a community has, â€Å"the more vulnerable† the community becomes. Thus, people must learn to take responsibility for themselves rather than dodge  it. (assertion) PITFALL FOUR: using inappropriate or weak evidence to support your position The strength of your essay is in direct correlation to the strength of your evidence. Weak or inappropriate evidence will produce a weak paper and a low score. The readers are looking for writers who can write logically and reasonably, who can evaluate and analyze someone else’s argument, and who can find the best evidence to convince someone of their position. This student’s evidence has to do with crime rates: A small town culture is often seen as boring and old-fashioned, but it is just as important to our nation as any of the modern big cities. In New York City people have that opportunity to wander the city anonymously. Perhaps that is the reason why crime rates are so much higher in larger cities. People are far less likely to behave badly if people they know are watching them. This constant concern of others judging you is perhaps more beneficial than some may have you believe. It can get quite nerve-wracking to always be under watch, but those that watch you also come to your aid in times of need. For example, when you go out of town you can ask your ever-watchful neighbors to keep an eye on your house for peace of mind. If everyone went around with a total disregard for others, society would break down and the world would become a terrible almost primal place. This student effectively supports his position by reasoning that knowing someone is watching you may deter crime. He concedes (another way to reason logically) that it is bothersome to â€Å"always be under watch,† but those who watch you also watch over you. PITFALL FIVE: writing aN analysis of the passage instead of aN ARGUMENT Your job is not to analyze the way Sanders writes. Your job is to write an argument. Read the prompt. Sanders’s use of diction reveals his negative attitude toward wanderers†¦. Sanders uses a word with negative connotations when describing the twisting threads†¦. Sanders was accurate when he said  the many threads tug, yet hold one another upright. His metaphor identified individual lives as threads. The metaphor makes the reader reflect to a special blanket or person that brought them comfort, evoking emotional reactions.

Oil and Non-Oil Economy of the UAE Essay

The general dichotomization of the economy of the United Arab Emirates is into the oil and non-oil sectors. While the aggregate output remains dependent on oil production, the United Arab Emirates is focusing on the development of its non-oil sector as part of its diversification plan. However, its ability to develop fully its non-oil sector depends on the performance of its oil sector. One consideration is the relative contribution of the oil and non-oil sectors to the economy. The other consideration is the ability to the oil-sector to support the diversification plan in the non-oil sector. Abed and Hellyer (2001) explained that in 1998 the production of crude oil accounted for less than a quarter or 22 percent of gross domestic product. However, even if the contribution of crude oil production to aggregate output is less than a quarter, the impact of the sector on the economy is much bigger. Oil exports contributed 37 percent of earnings in foreign exchange and 60 percent of public sector revenue. The oil sector contributes to the aggregate economy in four fronts, which are business investment, household income and consumption, public spending, and net exports. This substantiates the claim that the oil sector comprises the backbone of the UAE economy. Further growth occurred in the oil sector in 2006 with the Ministry of Information and Culture (2006) reporting that the oil and gas sector contributed 28 percent to aggregate output. Concurrently, there is also growth in the non-oil sector, particularly in manufacturing and financial sectors. The UAE Federal Government (2008) further reported that oil and gas production experienced further growth by contributing one third to gross domestic product. This is primarily due to programs intending to optimize oil and gas production in the different emirates. At the same time, there is also solid growth in the non-oil sector. In the next years, the contribution of the oil sector should stabilize at one third of the economy and the non-oil sector becoming a stronger contributor to economic growth. This would allow the UAE to maximize returns from the oil and gas sector to boost growth in the non-oil sector. UAE Economic Developments to Achieve Diversification The United Arab Emirates is already on its way towards economic diversification. Although, the oil and gas sector remains as an important sector, the UAE has achieved developments in the non-oil sector. There are areas of economic developments that the UAE has to focus on to achieve diversification. Dunning (2005) identified the optimization of resource base as a means of achieving diversification. The UAE has to hone the potential of its key resources to establish different industries. The country has already done this by continuously developing its oil and gas sector. However, it also needs to optimize the resource base for the non-oil sector such as the development of land through urban planning or the urbanization of peripheral lands to provide venues for manufacturing and services sectors or the maintenance of natural resources for tourism. Another economic development needed to support diversification encompasses structural changes. According to Shihab (2006), the economic structure needs to support the needs of the non-oil sector. One way of achieving this is influencing employment patterns to develop labor force for the non-oil sector. This means investing in human services such as education and health to ensure labor productivity. Muysken and Nour (2006) stressed on the deficiencies in the educational system and low level of skills of the labor force as areas for improvement if the UAE wants to succeed in diversifying its economy. Another way is the establishment of different industries to broaden the economic base and create employment. A third economic development is integration of infrastructure and social structures to support diversification. DeNicola (2005) explained that infrastructure developments are necessary to attract investments and create employment opportunities for non-oil industries. Shihab (2006) explained that social factors such as the development of a culture of consumerism and calm co-existence among local minorities and expatriates support growth in the non-oil sector. Justification for Diversifying the UAE Economy Imbs and Wacziarg (2003) explained that the overall justification for economic diversification is sustainable growth by spreading economic risk across different industries. Economies reliant on a single sector such as the reliance of the member countries of the Gulf Cooperating Council on the oil sector also face high risks in the long-term because oil is a non-renewable resource (Fasano & Iqbal 2003). There are also specific reasons for the goal of the UAE for diversifying its economy. One is avoidance of the effect of the oil curse theory, which explains that dependence on oil has long-term negative effects on the economy. Oil exporting countries gain revenue by relying on price fluctuations in the global market alone, which does not require investments or efficiency that in turn precludes long-term development of economic capabilities or competencies. Revenue generated from oil is sufficient to support welfare services, placing focus on allocation instead of production. (HSBC Middle East 2003; DeNicola 2005) Another justification is the maximization of revenue generation through resource development. Diversification would enable an oil dependent economy such as the UAE to gain revenue from its other resources. Sole reliance on oil limits the revenue generating potential of the economy and hampers economic efficiency by idling resources. (Shihab 2006) Another related reason is resolving revenue volatility. Dependence on oil involves the downside of volatility in the long-term because oil is non-renewable, which means oil reserves will eventually run out in the future. Oil dependent countries need to develop other sources of revenue to ensure continuity of revenue generation even after oil reserves have dwindled. (Gylfason 2004) Still another justification is human development by creating employment opportunities for the young population. The UAE has a predominantly young population, which means a pool of intellectual and skill resource able to support the development of non-oil industries. Diversification enables the economy to develop its human resources to increase quality of life and sustain productivity. (HSBC Middle East, 2003; Muysken & Nour 2006) Non-Oil Sector in Economic Diversification for Sustainable Economic Development The Ministry of Information and Culture (2006) explained that the non-oil sector contributed 72 percent of the GDP of the UAE. This reflects the potential of developing the non-oil sector to achieve economic diversification and ensure sustainable economic development. The non-oil sector comprises goods manufacturing and services, with the former contributing 57. 9 percent and the latter contributing 42. 1 percent to GDP from the non-oil sector. Industries under goods manufacturing are agriculture, livestock and fisheries, mining, manufacturing, construction, and electricity, gas and water. Industries under services include restaurants and hotels, transportation, storage and communication, real estate and business, and social and private services. Diversification is already apparent in these various industries and there is still wide room for the development of these industries and the establishment of new industries. Hejmadi (2004) explained that development of the economic free zones were crucial to the development of different industries in goods manufacturing and services. These zones provided a venue and incentives for the flow of both domestic and foreign investments into diverse industries to create employment opportunities and contribute to the growth in aggregate output. Apart from the continuous development of these industries, a potential industry for diversification in the non-oil sector is tourism. Sharpley (2002) explained that tourism is becoming a ubiquitous means of achieving economic diversification for many countries seeking to secure long-term economic growth. Tourism fits the resource approach to sustainable growth since the UAE has many tourism destinations to attract tourists and its cultural openness also comprise an impetus for foreign tourists. Blanke and Mia (2006) reported that travel and tourism already exist as an industry in the UAE and contributing 1. 1 percent to GDP. There is wide potential for development. However, there are challenges to tourism development requiring investments in destination development and promotions (Sharpley, 2002; Henderson 2006) References Abed, I. & Hellyer, P. (Eds. ), 2001. United Arab Emirates: a new perspective. London: Trident Press Ltd. Blanke, J. & Mia, I. , 2006. Chapter 22 assessing travel & tourism competitiveness in the Arab world. [Online] Available at: http://www. weforum. org/pdf/Global_Competitiveness_Reports/Reports/chapters/2_2. pdf [Accessed 25 January 2009] DeNicola, C. , 2005. Dubai’s political and economic development: an oasis in the desert?. Williamstown, MA: Williams College. Dunning, T. , 2005. Resource dependence, economic performance, and political stability. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 49(4), pp. 451-482. Fasano, U. & Iqbal, Z. , 2003. GCC countries from oil dependence to diversification. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.